\u3000\u3000\u3010\u718a\u732b\u65f6\u4e8b\u3011\u636e\u91d1\u878d\u65f6\u62a5\u64b0\u6587\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e74\u5934\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u6bcf\u5929\u65e9\u6668\u4e00\u6253\u5f00\u7535\u89c6\u6216\u5a92\u4f53\u7f51\u7ad9\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u5e26\u7740\u65e2\u62c5\u5fc3\u53c8\u6e34\u671b\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u5fc3\u6001\uff0c\u6025\u5207\u5730\u6536\u89c6\u6216\u626b\u63cf\u5934\u6761\u3001\u4e8c\u6761\u65b0\u95fb\uff0c\u770b\u770b\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5565\u5730\u65b9\u53c8\u53d1\u751f\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u88ad\u51fb\u4e86\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4eb2\u4eba\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u5728\u7684\u9065\u8fdc\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u6216\u81ea\u5df1\u66fe\u7ecf\u5446\u8fc7\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u6216\u9a6c\u4e0a\u8981\u53bb\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u77db\u76fe\u5fc3\u6001\u9887\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u5c0f\u65f6\u5019\u542c\u5927\u4eba\u8bb2\u6076\u9b3c\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u53c8\u6015\u542c\u6050\u6016\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u53c8\u7981\u4e0d\u4f4f\u60f3\u542c\u4e2a\u660e\u767d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5947\u7279\u578b\u6001<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u5728\u73af\u987e\u5168\u7403\u6050\u6016\u6d3b\u52a8\u6b64\u8d77\u5f7c\u4f0f\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c81\u6708\u91cc\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u53cd\u590d\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5947\u7279\u7684\u578b\u6001(peculiar
\npattern)\uff1a\u76f8\u5bf9\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e94\u4e2a\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u662f\u5904\u4e8e\u5f53\u4eca\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u88ad\u51fb\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6700\u5c11\u6216\u6b21\u5c11\u7684\u6863\u6b21\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e94\u4e2a\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u67b6\u6784\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u548c\u9886\u571f\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u5173\u7cfb\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u5468\u8fb9\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u90bb\u56fd\u6216\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u663e\u8457\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u9884\u9632\u548c\u5835\u4f4f\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u88ad\u51fb\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u5230\u6700\u4f73\u6216\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u6700\u4f73\uff0c\u80cc\u540e\u5fc5\u5b9a\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5171\u540c\u7684\u6216\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u5728\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u7531\u4e8e\u7bc7\u5e45\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u53ea\u80fd\u63d0\u53ca\u4e24\u5927\u4e3b\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4e00\u4e0a\u5c42\u4e00\u4e0b\u5c42\uff0c\u6765\u5c1d\u8bd5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u5728\u9632\u5835\u6050\u88ad\u65b9\u9762\u80fd\u591f\u8fbe\u5230\u6781\u4e3a\u53ef\u89c2\u7684\u6210\u6548\u3002\u8fd9\u9996\u8981\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u7ba1\u6cbb\u5c42\u9762\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u201c\u4e0a\u201d\u4f4d\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u4e2d\u534e\u653f\u6cbb\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u6700\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u7279\u8272\u2014\u2014\u5b98\u50da\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u8981\u7d20\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7279\u522b\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4ed8\u6050\u88ad\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u9605\u8bfb\u6587\u732e\u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u767d\u4e50\u65e5\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u4e4b\u4f5c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6587\u660e\u4e0e\u5b98\u50da\u7edf\u6cbb\u300b(Etienne
\nBalazs\uff0cChinese Civilization and Bureaucracy, Yale University Press,
\n1964;\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6458\u8981\u57fa\u672c\u5f15\u81ea\u53f0\u5317\u4e45\u5927\u6587\u5316\u516c\u53f81992\u5e74\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6539\u8bd1\u201c\u5b98\u50da\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u4e3a\u201c\u5b98\u50da\u7edf\u6cbb\u201d\u4ee5\u7b26\u5408\u539f\u610f)\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u5b98\u50da\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u5347\u7ea7\u7248<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u767d\u4e50\u65e5\u5bf9\u4e2d\u534e\u5b98\u50da\u7edf\u6cbb\u5ef6\u7eed\u6027\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u529f\u8fc7\u4e4b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u57fa\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u575a\u5b9e\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u4ed6\u77ed\u6682\u5374\u4e0d\u5e73\u51e1\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u7ecf\u5386\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u751f\u4e8e\u60a3\u96be(\u5308\u7259\u5229)\u3001\u957f\u4e8e\u52a8\u4e71(\u5fb7\u56fd)\u3001\u53c2\u52a0\u53cd\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u8fd0\u52a8(\u6cd5\u56fd)\u3001\u7f6e\u8eab\u4e8e\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u51b7\u6218\uff0c\u6df1\u523b\u7406\u89e3\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5371\u673a\u7684\u591a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3001\u591a\u5c42\u9762\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6c42\u77e5\u8005\uff0c\u767d\u4e50\u65e5\u89e3\u91ca\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u65f6\u65f6\u5728\u53d8\u3002\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u7ecf\u4e45\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u5236\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u5b98\u540f\u4eec\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u529b\u91cf\u3001\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u58f0\u671b\uff0c\u662f\u5168\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u638c\u63e1\u7740\u5168\u90e8\u6743\u529b\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b98\u50da\u9636\u5c42\u53ea\u770b\u91cd\u4e00\u79cd\u804c\u4e1a\uff0c\u201c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u8fdb\u884c\u7ba1\u6cbb\u2026\u2026\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u4eba\u4e8b\u4e0a\u662f\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u5728\u7ba1\u6cbb\u827a\u672f\u4e0a\u662f\u8001\u624b\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u662f\u5e72\u9884\u8005(\u4e01\u6309\uff1a\u6307\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784\u4e0d\u7406\u4f1a\u516c\u57df\u79c1\u57df\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u5e02\u573a\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u754c)\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u80fd\u9003\u8131\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u5f88\u5927\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u5b98\u5e9c\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u201d(\u7b2c27-31\u9875)<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u4ee5\u4e0a\u662f\u767d\u4e50\u65e51957\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bb2\u7a3f\uff0c\u4e3a\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u800c\u4f5c\uff0c\u6982\u62ec\u7684\u662f\u4ece\u79e6\u671d\u81f320\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u671f\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u8bfb\u5b83\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4f60\u4e0d\u4f1a\u611f\u5230\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u8981\u70b9\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fc7\u65f6\u4e86\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u534e\u5b98\u50da\u4f53\u5236\u6700\u5927\u7684\u7279\u957f\u662f\u7ba1\u63a7\uff0c\u5176\u7ba1\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u95f4\u7684\u827a\u672f\u662f\u4e24\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u79ef\u7d2f\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u7cbe\u7cb9\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0d\u56fa\u6b65\u81ea\u5c01\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0e\u65f6\u4ff1\u8fdb\u548c\u4e0d\u65ad\u5b8c\u5584\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5230\u4e8621\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u914d\u5907\u4ee5\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u79d1\u6280\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662fIT\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u5c31\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7ba1\u6cbb\u4f53\u7cfb\u5728\u534f\u8c03\u3001\u7075\u6d3b\u3001\u7ec6\u81f4\u3001\u7cbe\u5de7\u3001\u5f3a\u97e7\u3001\u7a7f\u900f\u3001\u8d2f\u901a\u7b49\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u65e0\u4e0e\u4f26\u6bd4\u3001\u72ec\u6b65\u5929\u4e0b\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u5206\u5b50\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e2d\u534e\u7248\u7684\u9632\u5835\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8981\u60f3\u53d1\u52a8\u88ad\u51fb\u771f\u662f\u592a\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u8fd9\u79cd\u9632\u5835\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ece\u4e0d\u51fa\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u9519\u3001\u4ece\u672a\u6709\u8fc7\u64cd\u4f5c\u6f0f\u6d1e\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u76f8\u6bd4\u8d77\u90a3\u4e9b\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u6b20\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e94\u5bf9\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u201c\u5b64\u72fc\u201d\u7684\u5404\u5bb6\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9632\u5835\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u7cbe\u5bc6\u3001\u529b\u5ea6\u548c\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u8981\u9ad8\u51fa\u8bb8\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u8bfb\u8005\u82e5\u662f\u5bf9\u6b64\u8fd8\u6709\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u4e0d\u59a8\u5373\u523b\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e0a\u641c\u7d22\u4e00\u756a\uff0c\u7167\u7247\u3001\u56fe\u50cf\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u90fd\u6709\uff0c\u770b\u770b\u676d\u5dde\u8fd9\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u6765\uff0c\u6bcf\u65e5\u6bcf\u65f6\u6bcf\u523b\u4e3a9\u6708\u4efd\u7684G20\u5cf0\u4f1a\u6240\u505a\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u9632\u6050\u5e03\u7f6e\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u4eca\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u54ea\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u505a\u5230\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u4e0d\u8ba1\u6210\u672c\u3001\u7cbe\u76ca\u6c42\u7cbe\u3001\u8fbe\u81f4\u795e\u5de5\u9b3c\u65a7\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5883\u754c?\u4ee5\u773c\u4e0b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u767d\u4e50\u65e5\u7684\u7edd\u5999\u5386\u53f2\u8bc4\u8bba\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e86\u5b98\u50da\u7edf\u6cbb\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4e94\u4e2a\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u6700\u884c\uff0c\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u6b21\u4e4b\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\u6fb3\u95e8\u518d\u6b21\u4e4b\uff0c\u53f0\u6e7e\u5c45\u5c3e\u2014\u2014\u5728\u9632\u5835\u6050\u88ad\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u582a\u8bf4\u662f\u8001\u9a6c\u8bc6\u9014\u3001\u9a7e\u8f7b\u5c31\u719f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u800c\u6b32\u53d1\u52a8\u6050\u88ad\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u6b64\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u5173\u516c\u95e8\u524d\u800d\u5927\u5200\u3001\u5c0f\u5deb\u89c1\u5927\u5deb\u3002\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u5f00\u653e\u793e\u4f1a\u91cc\u5de6\u53f3\u9022\u6e90\u3001\u5728\u534a\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cc\u5982\u9c7c\u5f97\u6c34\u3001\u5728\u5168\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cc\u6d77\u9614\u5929\u7a7a\u7684\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u4e00\u9047\u5230\u4e2d\u534e\u5b98\u50da\u7edf\u6cbb\u768421\u4e16\u7eaa\u5347\u7ea7\u7248\uff0c\u5c31\u6ca6\u843d\u6210\u79cb\u540e\u7684\u8682\u86b1!\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7b14\u8005\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u5439\u81ea\u5f39\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6bd4\u8f83\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u8d44\u6df1\u6559\u6388\u53d1\u7684\u611f\u6168\u2014\u2014\u4eca\u5e747\u6708\u5e95\u4ed6\u6765\u9999\u6e2f\uff0c\u5728\u5ea7\u8c08\u4f1a\u4e0a\u8a00\u53ca\u6b27\u6d32\u5bf9\u6050\u88ad\u9632\u4e0d\u80dc\u9632\uff0c\u7b11\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u641e\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u5e2e\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u7528\u5176\u6781\u7684\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u5206\u5b50\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5389\u5bb3\uff0c\u6700\u61c2\u5f97\u5982\u4f55\u5bf9\u4ed8\u8fd9\u5e2e\u5bb6\u4f19!\u201d<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6839\u57fa<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6709\u5b98\u50da\u7edf\u6cbb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e0a\u5c42\u6743\u529b\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u96be\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u6240\u6709\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u5728\u9632\u5835\u6050\u88ad\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6210\u6548\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u4f53\u8ba4\u5230\uff0c\u4e0b\u5c42\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u5316\u8981\u7d20\u540c\u6837\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4f17\u4eba\u5728\u4fe1\u4ef0\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7684\u9a6c\u864e\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u9a6c\u9a6c\u864e\u864e\u3001\u7a00\u7a00\u677e\u677e\u3002\u4e2d\u534e\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u91cc\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e25\u6574\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u88ab\u6cdb\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5112\u6559\u201d\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u5957\u4f26\u7406\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0d\u662f\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u4e49\u5373\u201c\u795e\u542f\u7ec8\u6781\u771f\u7406\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u89c4\u8303\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u4e3a\u4eba\u5904\u4e16\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u7cbe\u795e\u662f\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d6\u5411\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u601d\u60f3\u5927\u5bb6\u97e6\u4f2f\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u53bb\u9b45\u201d(From
\nMax Weber\uff1aEssays in Sociology, Oxford University Press,
\n1958\uff0cpp.148-155)\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f18 -19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u542f\u8499\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f7f\u7136\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e2d\u534e\u4f20\u7edf\u91cc\uff0c\u4e24\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u5927\u4f53\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u9274\u4e8e\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6210\u5458\u4e5f\u5373\u6c49\u65cf\u4eba\u4e24\u5343\u5e74\u6765\u90fd\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d6\u5411\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u4e0d\u8d70\u6781\u7aef\uff0c\u5c11\u6709\u72c2\u70ed\u3002\u6d0b\u4eba\u89c2\u5bdf\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u56f0\u60d1\u4e8e\u540e\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u540c\u65f6\u65e2\u4fe1\u5b54\u5b5f\u3001\u4e5f\u4f9b\u83e9\u8428\u3001\u8fd8\u8fdb\u6559\u5802\u3002\u534e\u4eba\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u4e0a\u7684\u9a6c\u9a6c\u864e\u864e\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4ee4\u9ad8\u558a\u201c\u771f\u4e3b\u4f1f\u5927!\u201d\u7684\u4eba\u8089\u70b8\u5f39\u5f0f\u81ea\u6740\u653b\u51fb\u884c\u4e3a\u6781\u5c11\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u66f4\u9051\u8bba\u592b\u59bb\u3001\u5f1f\u5144\u3001\u7236\u5b50\u4e00\u9053\u4e0e\u654c\u5171\u4ea1\u3002\u73af\u89c6\u5168\u7403\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u81f3\u4eca\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u73b0\u4fe1\u5949\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u7684\u6c49\u4eba\u52a0\u5165\u201c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u56fd\u201d(ISIS)\u53d8\u4f5c\u6740\u624b\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b9e\u5728\u592a\u7406\u6027\u7b97\u8ba1\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6fc0\u60c5\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8fbe\u4e0d\u5230\u4e3a\u8fdb\u5929\u56fd\u800c\u5f53\u201c\u5723\u6218\u201d\u70c8\u58eb\u7684\u72c2\u70ed\u9ad8\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u4e2d\u534e\u4f20\u7edf\u91cc\u7684\u9a6c\u9a6c\u864e\u864e\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u65e9\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u5c31\u88ab\u4e2d\u897f\u5b66\u8d2f\u901a\u7684\u5148\u54f2\u8f88\u6797\u8bed\u5802\u548c\u80e1\u9002\u7b49\u4eba\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u62b5\u5fa1\u5916\u6765\u9769\u547d\u6781\u7aef\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6839\u5e95(\u53c2\u9605\u5468\u8d28\u5e73\uff1a\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u4eba\u7269\u63a0\u5f71\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u4e1c\u5434\u5927\u5b66\u4eba\u6587\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u9662\uff0c2015\u5e74\u7248\u7b2c74-77\u300194-102\u9875)\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u66fe\u591a\u6b21\u8ddf\u8001\u5916\u4eec\u89e3\u8bf4\uff1a\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u6b63\u9762\u8bb2\u7684\u662f\u201c\u9a6c\u5217\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u662f\u201c\u9a6c\u864e\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e0b\u73ed\u540e\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6837\u3002\u8fd9\u5f53\u7136\u6709\u4e0d\u597d\u7684\u3001\u503c\u5f97\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u4e00\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u597d\u7684\u3001\u6697\u542b\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u4e00\u9762\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0a\u4e0a\u4e0b\u4e0b\u884c\u4e8b\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u5706\u901a\u3002\u4f60\u4eec\u6d0b\u4eba\u53ef\u522b\u5fd8\u8bb0\u4e86\uff0c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u6267\u653f\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u4ee5\u6765\u5171\u6709\u51e0\u5341\u5bb6\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u6700\u50cf\u6a21\u50cf\u6837\u5730\u7387\u5148\u8d70\u4e86\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u4e00\u8fb9\u5927\u8bb2\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e00\u8fb9\u201c\u4e2d\u5e72\u201d\u751a\u81f3\u5076\u5c14\u201c\u5927\u5e72\u201d\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u7528\u4f60\u4eec\u6d0b\u4eba\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u7d20\u83dc\u9986\u5356\u725b\u8089\uff0c\u5356\u5f97\u633a\u7ea2\u706b!\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u534a\u662f\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u4e0a\u5c42\u7684\u7406\u6027\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u4e00\u534a\u662f\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u9a6c\u864e\u4e3b\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u5927\u5bb6\u6ca1\u628a\u5b98\u65b9\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u770b\u5f97\u90a3\u4e48\u795e\u5723\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u66f4\u6539\u3002\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6b63\u9762\u8bb2\u7684\u662f\u9a6c\u5217\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u884c\u7684\u662f\u9a6c\u864e\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5706\u901a\u8ba9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u4e00\u68f5\u6811\u4e0a\u540a\u6b7b\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u90a3\u68f5\u6811\u4e0a\u6302\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\u5e84\u4e25\u534e\u4e3d\u7684\u62db\u724c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000\u4e2d\u56fd\u672c\u571f\u6e90\u8fdc\u6d41\u957f\u7684\u9a6c\u864e\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e5f\u6709\u88ab\u4e2d\u65ad\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6700\u70c8\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u6587\u5316\u5927\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u671f\u95f4\u65e0\u6570\u7684\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u51fa\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u5b97\u6559\u72c2\u70ed\u56db\u5904\u653e\u706b\u711a\u70e7\u3001\u66b4\u884c\u65bd\u8650\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u8fd9\u5341\u5e74\u8de8\u5ea6\u5728\u4e24\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u4e2d\u534e\u957f\u6d41\u91cc\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u5c0f\u7247\u65ad\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u4e09\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u524d\u8d74\u7f8e\u56fd\u7559\u5b66\uff0c\u8046\u542c\u53f2\u5b66\u5927\u5e08\u8d39\u6b63\u6e05(John
\nKing Fairbank)\u548c\u53f2\u534e\u6148(Benjamin
\nSchwartz)\u8bc4\u8bba\u6587\u9769\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u57cb\u846c\u4e0d\u4e86\u4e09\u5343\u5e74\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u534e\u590f\u4e09\u5343\u5e74\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4efb\u51ed\u6bdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u6298\u817e\uff0c\u7ec8\u7a76\u65e0\u6cd5\u5c06\u5176\u8fde\u6839\u5228\u6389\u3002\u4e2d\u534e\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u91cc\u6ca1\u6709fanaticism(\u5b97\u6559\u72c2\u70ed)\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\uff0c\u6bdb\u672c\u4eba\u4e00\u65e6\u6492\u624b\u4eba\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e73\u751f\u6380\u8d77\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6781\u7aef\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u539f\u6559\u65e8\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c31\u4f1a\u9000\u6f6e\u3002<\/p>\n
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