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\u6709\u9451\u65bc\u8fd1\u4f86\u9999\u6e2f\u767c\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3010\u6ce8\u91cb 7\u3011\uff0c\u9019\u5169\u500b\u6587\u672c\u6b63\u597d\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u500b\u6a5f\u6703\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u5f9e\u6b77\u53f2\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53cd\u601d\u4f55\u8b02\u300c\u4e2d\u570b\u300d\u548c\u300c\u4e2d\u570b\u6027\u300d\uff08Chineseness\uff09\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u767d\u5b89\u5353\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u300c\u6578\u4f4d\u5a92\u9ad4\u9769\u65b0\u548c\u5168\u7403\u6b0a\u529b\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u91cd\u5851\uff0c\u6b64\u5169\u8005\u7684\u4ea4\u6ed9\u885d\u64ca\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u6587\u5b57\u548c\u66f8\u5beb\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u300d\u3002\u3010\u6ce8\u91cb 8\u3011 \u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c \u79c9\u6301\u845b\u5146\u5149\u65bc\u3008\u5f15\u8a00\u3009\u7d50\u8a9e\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff1a\u300c\u81f3\u4eca\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u4eba\u4e0d\u81ea\u89ba\u5730\u628a\u653f\u5e9c\u7576\u6210\u4e86\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u628a\u6b77\u53f2\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u7576\u6210\u4e86\u5929\u7d93\u5730\u7fa9\u9700\u8981\u5fe0\u8aa0\u7684\u7956\u570b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u8aa4\u6703\u3001\u6575\u610f\u3001\u504f\u898b\u3002\u300d\u3010\u6ce8\u91cb 9\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u674e\u6b50\u68b5<\/strong>\uff1a \u6211\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u719f\u6089\u7684\u9762\u5b54\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5c31\u628a\u9019\u88e1\u7576\u6210\u8ab2\u5802\u8a0e\u8ad6\u597d\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u5f88\u9ad8\u8208\u8207\u7f85\u8cb4\u7965\u540c\u5834\u3002\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u81ea\u5df1\u9019\u6b21\u8b1b\u8a71\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6bd4\u8f03\u96a8\u610f\uff0c\u591a\u9f13\u52f5\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6c92\u6709\u6e96\u5099\u8b1b\u7a3f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6797\u6559\u6388\u5411\u6211\u4ecb\u7d39\u767d\u5b89\u5353\u6b64\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u6c92\u6709\u770b\u904e\u5979\u9019\u672c\u66f8\uff1b\u4f46\u8aaa\u5230\u845b\u5146\u5149\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u6211\u7576\u7136\u9084\u662f\u9817\u719f\u6089\u7684\u3002\u628a\u9019\u5169\u672c\u66f8\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u6211\u89ba\u5f97\u662f\u9817\u70ba\u8070\u660e\u7684\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u9019\u5169\u500b\u5e73\u884c\u6587\u672c\u5c31\u50cf\u5df4\u54c8\uff08Johann Sebastian Bach\uff09 \u7684\u300c\u5c0d\u4f4d\u6cd5\u300d\u4e00\u822c\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5b83\u5011\u904b\u7528\u7684\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u8a9e\u8a00\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u98a8\u683c\uff0c\u4f46\u8aaa\u5230\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u525b\u597d\u662f\u5e73\u884c\u4e26\u5217\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u80fd\u8207\u5c0d\u65b9\u5c0d\u8a71\uff0c\u4f46\u7576\u7136\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u8655\uff0c\u5404\u81ea\u6f14\u7e79\u51fa\u81ea\u8eab\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u97f3\u97fb\u3002\u6211\u5728\u6b64\u6703\u7528\u82f1\u6587\u8ac7\u767d\u5b89\u5353\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u662f\u82f1\u6587\u5beb\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u518d\u63db\u6210\u666e\u901a\u8a71\u4f86\u8ac7\u845b\u5146\u5149\u3002\u6211\u77e5\u9053\u7f85\u6559\u6388\u6703\u7528\u5ee3\u6771\u8a71\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e09\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u5efa\u8b70\u5927\u5bb6\u81f3\u5c11\u8981\u8b80\u767d\u5b89\u5353\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u5c0e\u8a00\u548c\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c \u85c9\u6b64\u638c\u63e1\u5176\u8ad6\u9ede\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\u6240\u5728\u3002\u4f46\u9019\u9084\u662f\u4e0d\u5920\uff0c\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u4f60\u5011\u4e5f\u80fd\u5920\u8b80\u8b80\u53e6\u5916\u5169\u7ae0\uff0c\u5982\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u300c\u8ec0\u9ad4\u5b78\u300d\uff08Corpographies\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u300c\u5716\u50cf\u5b78\u300d\uff08Iconographies\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u4f60\u5011\u7fd2\u6163\u4e86\u5979\u5927\u91cf\u63a1\u7528\u62bd\u8c61\u53ca\u6df1\u5967\u7528\u8a5e\u7684\u884c\u6587\u98a8\u683c\uff0c\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u7e7c\u7e8c\u8b80\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7bc7\u7ae0\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u540d\u70ba\u300c\u8072\u7d0d\u5b78\u300d\uff08Sonographies\uff09\u3001\u300c\u5bd3\u8a00\u5b78\u300d\uff08Allographies\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u79d1\u6280\u5b78\u300d\uff08Technographies\uff09\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u7bc7\u7ae0\u6a19\u984c\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u975e\u5e38\u6c89\u9189\u65bc\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u6cd5\u570b\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u9023\u66f8\u540d\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u548c\u7406\u8ad6\u6cbe\u4e0a\u908a\u7684\u96d9\u95dc\u8a9e\uff1aSinology \u2014 \u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c \u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u9580\u5b78\u79d1\u7684Sinology\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u8868\u610f\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684Sign-ology\u3002\u767d\u5b89\u5353\u7684\u8a08\u5283\u660e\u986f\u662f\u91ce\u5fc3\u52c3\u52c3\uff1a\u8d85\u8d8a\uff08go \u201cbeyond\u201d\uff09\u5169\u8005\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u66f8\u672c\u5c01\u9762\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u537b\u662f\u56db\u500b\u5927\u7684\u7d05\u8272\u4e2d\u6587\u5b57\uff1a\u300c\u8aaa\u6587\u5beb\u5b57\u300d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5341\u500b\u5176\u4ed6\u4f5c\u70ba\u526f\u984c\u7684\u85cd\u8272\u5b57\uff1a\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u66f8\u5beb\u8207\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5370\u8de1\u300d\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u540c\u6a23\u6df1\u5177\u667a\u6167\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u4f86\u8a66\u8a66\u89e3\u958b\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5178\u6545\uff1a\u5b83\u90a3\u6a19\u984c\u7684\u300c\u539f\u6587\u300d\uff08ur-text\uff09\u7576\u7136\u662f\u4f86\u81ea\u8a31\u614e\u7684\u7d93\u5178\u4f5c\u54c1\u300a\u8aaa\u6587\u89e3\u5b57\u300b\uff0c\u4f46\u767d\u5b89\u5353\u9019\u672c\u66f8\uff0c\u537b\u53c8\u65b7\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u90e8\u7d93\u5178\u4e2d\u6587\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u4fee\u8a02\u7248\u3002\u526f\u6a19\u984c\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u662f\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u300c\u4e2d\u6587\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u5927\u6982\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u60f3\u907f\u514d\u6df7\u6dc6\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e2d\u6587\u767d\u8a71\u7684\u53e3\u8a9e\u548c\u66f8\u9762\u8a9e\u3002\u5979\u7528\u4e86\u9817\u70ba\u5c11\u898b\u7684\u7528\u8a5e\u300c\u5370\u8de1\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u300c\u8ecc\u8de1\u300d\u6216\u662f\u300c\u8e64\u8de1\u300d\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f37\u8abf\u5370\u5237\u6587\u5316\u7684\u300c\u8de1\u300d\uff08traces\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u4fbf\u7acb\u5373\u4ee4\u4eba\u806f\u60f3\u8d77\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u540d\u8457\u300a\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u300b\uff08Imagined Communities\uff09\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8981\u65e8\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u5982\u5176\u526f\u984c\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u662f\u70ba\u4e00 \u7a2e\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u8207\u6563\u5e03\u7684\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u5370\u5237\u6587\u5316\u662f\u5176\u6839\u6e90\u3002\u9019\u80cc\u5f8c\u6697\u793a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u5728\u4e2d\u6587\u66f8\u5beb\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\uff0c \u5c07\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e00\u4f75\u5f15\u5165\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002\u6545\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u6216\u8a31\u5728\u9019\u5169\u672c\u66f8\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u8ac7\u8ac7\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u662f\uff0c\u767d\u5b89\u5353\u6c92\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u8655\u7406\u4e2d\u53e4\u6642\u671f\u6587\u8a00\u6587\u548c\u53e3\u8a9e\u9019\u500b\u540c\u7b49\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u516d\u671d\u8a69\u6b4c\u66fe\u5426\u4f7f\u7528\u904e\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u8a00\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5510\u4ee3\u8a69\u6b4c\u61c9\u4ee5\u5ee3\u6771\u8a71\u9084\u662f\u666e\u901a\u8a71\u4f86\u8aa6\u8b80\u3002\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u5426\u5982\u767d\u5b89\u5353\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u6307\u5411\u8a9e\u97f3\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u8a9e\u8a00\u6307\u7684\u9996\u5148\u662f\u8072\u97f3\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u5f15\u7533\u5247\u81ea\u5fb7\u5e0c\u9054\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u300c\u908f\u5404\u65af\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\uff08logo- centrism\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u90a3\u9ebc\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u5b78\u8005\u5462\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8da8\u5411\u6771\u4e9e\u5730\u5340\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u53f0\u7063\u5f9e\u5730\u7de3\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u4e2d\u570b\u5927\u9678\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u548c\u97d3\u570b\u9023\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u300c\u6771\u4e9e\u300d\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u5728\u9019\u500b\u5730\u5340\u53f2\u7684\u7248\u5716\u4e2d\u4e5f\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u3002\u7136\u800c\u845b\u5146\u5149\u89ba\u5f97\uff0c\u4f60\u5011\u70ba\u4e86\u6642\u9ae6\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u9023\u4e2d\u570b\u90fd\u5fd8\u4e86\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u8b1b\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u53f2\u88e1\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u3002\u6211\u89ba\u5f97\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u628a\u9019\u4e9b\u897f\u65b9\u6f22\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u770b\u5f97\u7a0d\u5fae\u7c97\u6f0f\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6cdb\u6cdb\u800c\u8ad6\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u6307\u51fa\u7279\u5225\u7684\u7d30\u7bc0\u3002\u4f60\u628a\u9019\u5e7e\u7a2e\u8ad6\u8ff0\u52a0\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u4f86\u770b\u525b\u525b\u597d\uff0c\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u662f\u97f3\u6a02\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u662f\u91cd\u97f3\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u662f\u8f15\u97f3\uff0c\u4f60\u807d\u5230\u91cd\u97f3\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u807d\u5230\u8f15\u97f3\uff0c\u91cd\u97f3\u548c\u8f15\u97f3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u8b8a\u594f\uff0c\u624d\u8b8a\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u65cb\u5f8b\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u5167\u9762\u4e0d\u4e4f\u4e92\u76f8\u885d\u7a81\u7684\u548c\u5f26\uff08dissonances\uff09\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u89ba\u5f97\u845b\u5148\u751f\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6211\u770b\u4ed6\u6c92\u6709\u628a\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u770b\u5f97\u5f88\u4ed4\u7d30\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u8b1b\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u4ed6\u8aaa\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u6b50\u6d32\u570b\u5bb6\u5728\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4f86\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u5e1d\u570b\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5927\u4e00\u7d71\u5c40\u9762\uff0c\u5982\u53e4\u7f85\u99ac\u5e1d\u570b\uff0c\u8a9e\u8a00\u6587\u5316\u5f88\u591a\u5143\uff0c\u4f46\u66f8\u5beb\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u8a9e\u8a00\u53ea\u6709\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u3002\u5f8c\u4f86\u6b50\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u5357\u7f8e\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u5340\uff0c\u69cb\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u300c\u96d9\u6599\u5e1d\u570b\u300d\uff08\u6b50\u6d32\u7d71\u6cbb\u8005\u8207\u672c\u5730\u6587\u5316\u7d50\u5408\u7684\u5e1d\u570b\uff09\uff0c\u70ba\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u92ea\u8def\u3002\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4f8b\u5b50\u548c\u4e2d\u83ef\u5e1d\u570b\u6709\u4f55\u4e0d\u540c\uff1f\u9019\u6070\u6070\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u6e05\u53f2\u5c08\u5bb6\u7406\u8ad6\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u503c\u5f97\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u5e1d\u570b\u6c92\u6709\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u300c\u671d\u4ee3\u66f4\u66ff\u300d\uff0c\u6240\u8b02creole empires \u4e5f\u4e0d\u898b\u5f97\u90a3\u9ebc\u81ea\u4ee5\u70ba\u300c\u5929\u4e0b\u300d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u50cf\u4e2d\u570b\u90a3\u6a23\u6539\u671d\u63db\u4ee3\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u8b8a\u6210\u73fe\u4ee3\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u6703\u5426\u6bd4\u8f03\u56f0\u96e3\uff1f\u9019\u53ea\u662f\u6211\u80e1\u4e82\u731c\u7684\uff0c\u5929\u671d\u88e1\u9762\u7684\u300c\u4e2d\u570b\u300d\u7248\u5716\uff0c\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u60f3\u50cf\uff1f\u5967\u5308\u5e1d\u570b\u4e4b\u4e2d\u6709\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u738b\u671d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5308\u7259\u5229\u570b\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u8981\u6c42\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u662f\u5308\u7259\u5229\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5967\u5730\u5229\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u300c\u5927\u570b\u6c99\u6587\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u601d\u60f3\u53ef\u80fd\u4f86\u81ea\u4e2d\u83ef\u5e1d\u570b\u539f\u672c\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u7586\u57df\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u5929\u671d\u300d\u60f3\u50cf\uff0c\u624d\u6703\u89ba\u5f97\u4e2d\u570b\u7248\u5716\u5f88\u5927\u5f88\u5927\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4f60\u600e\u9ebc\u6a23\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u6211\u89ba\u5f97nation-state \u9019\u5169\u500b\u82f1\u6587\u5b57\u4e2d\u9593\u7684\u9019\u689d\u5c0f\u7dda\uff08hyphen\uff09\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5b83\u662fnation-state\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662fnation\/state\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u662f\u5206\u958b\u7684\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u662f\u7b49\u540c\u7684\u3002Nation\u6307\u7684\u751a\u9ebc\u5462\uff1f\u662f\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u300d\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\uff1f\u4e2d\u570b\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u662f\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u9664\u4e86\u5143\u3001\u6e05\u300c\u7570\u65cf\u300d\u7d71\u6cbb\u7684\u5e1d\u570b\u5916\uff0c\u5b8b\u671d\u4ee5\u5f8c\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u6f22\u65cf\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u9996\u5148\u63d0\u5021\u9769\u547d\u6642\u7684\u53e3\u865f\u662f\uff1a\u300c\u9a45\u9664\u97c3\u865c\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e2d\u83ef\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u300c\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u300d\u7576\u7136\u5c6c\u65bc\u6f22\u65cf\u7684\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u6bd4\u8f03\u73fe\u5728\u4e2d\u83ef\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u570b\u548c\u6e05\u671d\u6216\u6c11\u570b\u6642\u4ee3\u88e1\u5404\u7a2e\u5c11\u6578\u6c11\u65cf\u6240\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u5f85\u9047\uff1f\u5916\u570b\u7684\u5b78\u8005\u53cd\u800c\u5c0d\u6b64\u7279\u5225\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u6e05\u671d\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u5916\u65cf\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5c0d\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u6c11\u65cf\uff08\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u6f22\u65cf\uff09\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bec\u539a\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u7b49\u7d1a\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u4e2d\u83ef\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u570b\u5462\uff1f\u6700\u521d\u53c3\u7167\u4e86\u8607\u806f\u7684\u5404\u5730\u5340\u6c11\u65cf\uff08nationalities\uff09 \u7ba1\u5236\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u628a\u9019\u500b\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u6e05\u5e1d\u570b\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u53c3\u7167\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0c \u6050\u6015\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u6e05\u671d\u90a3\u9ebc\u5bec\u539a\u5427\uff0c\u4e0d\u7136\u7684\u8a71\u897f\u85cf\u4e0d\u6703\u51fa\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u7dad\u543e\u723e\u3001\u65b0\u7586\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u51fa\u9019\u9ebc\u5927\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u500b\u81f3\u4eca\u722d\u8ad6\u4e0d\u4f11\u7684\u554f\u984c\u5df2\u7d93\u8d85\u51fa\u845b\u5146\u5149\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u4e86\u3002\u5c0d\u4e0d\u8d77\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\u4e5f\u5df2\u7d93\u8d85\u6642\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u5ea7\u8ac7\u6703\u4e3b\u8b1b\u5609\u8cd3\u9999\u6e2f\u4e2d\u6587\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u674e\u6b50\u68b5\u6559\u6388\u548c\u9999\u6e2f\u6d78\u6703\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u7f85\u8cb4\u7965\u6559\u6388\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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\u7f85\u8cb4\u7965<\/strong>\uff1a \u5927\u5bb6\u597d\u3002\u5c0d\u4e0d\u8d77\uff0c\u6211\u77e5\u9053\u6709\u4e9b\u807d\u773e\u807d\u4e0d\u61c2\u5ee3\u6771\u8a71\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u8aaa\u5ee3\u6771\u8a71\u6bd4\u8f03\u8212\u66a2\u3002\u6211\u540c\u610f\u525b\u624d\u674e\u6559\u6388\u6240\u8b1b\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u5404\u81ea\u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u5206\u6b67\u6b63\u6b63\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5169\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\u5370\u8b49\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7e3d\u89ba\u5f97\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u4f5c\u70ba\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\uff0d\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\uff08nation-state\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u8fd1\u5efa\u69cb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u5b78\u8005\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u662f\u53e4\u5df2\u6709\u4e4b\u7684\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\uff0c\u67d0\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u6b77\u53f2\u7d50\u69cb\u4e2d\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e26\u975e\u5efa\u69cb\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u6211\u5148\u8aaa\u4e00\u4e0b\u5e74\u8f15\u5b78\u8005\u767d\u5b89\u5353\u7684\u66f8\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u5979\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u66f8\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u6211\u53ea\u770b\u904e\u5979\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u5df2\u6709\u9019\u4e9b\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u8b1b\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8b1b\u99ac\u4f86\u897f\u4e9e\uff0c\u4e5f\u8b1b\u5fb7\u5e0c\u9054\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u9019\u6b21\u5979\u8f49\u5411\u8b1b\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u5979\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u6e90\u65bc\u4e00\u6b21\u7f8e\u570b\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u83ef\u8a9e\u8a9e\u7cfb\u6703\u8b70\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u51fa\u4e86\u300a\u5168\u7403\u83ef\u6587\u6587\u5b78\uff1a\u6279\u5224\u8ad6\u6587\u300b\u3010\u6ce8\u91cb 16\u3011 \u4e00\u66f8\u3002\u5728\u66f8\u88e1\u5979\u60f3\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5979\u5c31\u628a\u9019\u4e9b\u610f\u5ff5\u653e\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u8a9e\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u5979\u5728\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0a\u76f8\u5c0d\u71b1\u5fc3\u5730\u8655\u7406\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6b77\u53f2\u5167\u5bb9\u3001\u6b77\u53f2\u7d50\u69cb\u65b9\u9762\u5247\u6bd4\u8f03\u7f3a\u4e4f\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u6c92\u6709\u8a0e\u8ad6\u53e4\u4ee3\uff0c\u8b1b\u4e2d\u570b\u5927\u9678\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e5f\u76f8\u5c0d\u5730\u5c11\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5979\u505a\u4e2d\u570b\u7814\u7a76\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u53f0\u7063\uff0c\u8b1b\u9673\u9ece\u3001\u8b1b\u590f\u5b87\u548c\u5979\u7684\u300a\u8179\u8a9e\u8853\u300b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8b1b\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d41\u4ea1\u6d77\u5916\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u85dd\u8853\u5bb6\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5f90\u51b0\u7684\u300a\u5929\u66f8\u300b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e00\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u85dd\u8853\u3002\u5979\u7684\u66f8\u88e1\u7528\u5f88\u591a\u9019\u985e\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46\u611f\u89ba\u6709\u9ede\u8df3\u8e8d\uff0c\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u7a2e\u6b77\u53f2\u9023\u7e6b\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u611f\u89ba\u8207\u6b77\u53f2\u6027\u812b\u920e\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u770b\u300c\u4e2d\u570b\u6027\u300d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u672c\u8cea\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u865b\u69cb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u4e0a\u9762\u515c\u515c\u8f49\u8f49\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u537b\u4e26\u672a\u627e\u5230\u8f03\u591a\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u8b49\u660e\u3002\u9019\u662f\u5979\u7684\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4e5f\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u9019\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7f3a\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u6240\u4ee5\u4e9e\u6d32\u570b\u5bb6\u600e\u9ebc\u63a5\u53d7\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u9019\u500b\u653f\u6cbb\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c \u751a\u81f3\u8b8a\u6210\u4e16\u754c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u7af6\u722d\uff1f\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u6027\u7cfb\u7d71\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5982\u83ef\u52d2\u65af\u5766\uff08Immanuel Wallerstein\uff09\u6240\u8b1b\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u62ff\u4e0d\u5230\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u57f7\u7167\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u6b0a\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u7af6\u722d\u4e86\u3002\u9019\u500b\u6a21\u5f0f\u4f86\u81ea\u6b50\u6d32\uff0c\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u6b50\u6d32\u4e00\u500b\u4e92\u76f8\u7af6\u722d\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u80af\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u73fe\u4e16\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u3002\u4ee5\u524d\u6240\u722d\u53d6\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u5f37\u8abf\u9818\u571f\u4e3b\u6b0a\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u662f\u7cbe\u795e\u3001\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u548c\u6587\u5316\u5c64\u9762\u7684\u5f81\u670d\u3002\u4f46\u4eca\u5929\u63d0\u51fa\u9019\u500b\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\uff0c\u5728\u7576\u6642\u5c31\u5e73\u8861\u4e86\u6b50\u6d32\u5167\u90e8\u7684\u7af6\u722d\uff0c\u4ee4\u6b50\u6d32\u5404\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u7af6\u722d\u6709\u500b\u9650\u5ea6\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u4e3b\u6b0a\u4e5f\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u9818\u571f\u7bc4\u570d\u4ee5\u5167\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u9084\u662f\u6703\u767c\u52d5\u6230\u722d\uff0c\u4e92\u76f8\u4fb5\u7565\uff0c \u9818\u571f\u4e0d\u65b7\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u4f46\u8d77\u78bc\u6703\u300c\u5c0a\u91cd\u300d\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e0d\u6703\u6709\u7d71\u6cbb\u6574\u500b\u6b50\u6d32\u90a3\u7a2e\u592a\u5927\u7684\u91ce\u5fc3\u3002\u5176\u5be6\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u722d\u53d6\u8cc7\u6e90\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u7af6\u722d\u6a5f\u5236\u3002\u63a5\u53d7\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u9700\u8981\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u6c92\u6709\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u5c31\u6703\u88ab\u4eba\u6dd8\u6c70\u3002\u6211\u5011\u8b80\u6881\u5553\u8d85\u3001\u5eb7\u6709\u70ba\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u82e5\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\uff08\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u8a71\uff09\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u8cc7\u683c\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8072\u97f3\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u4e5f\u66fe\u900f\u904e\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4f86\u4fb5\u7565\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u6709\u592a\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u4e86\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5178\u578b\u7684\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8207\u65e5\u672c\u5408\u4f75\uff0c\u7531\u65e5\u672c\u6559\u5c0e\u505a\u4e00\u500b\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u3002\u845b\u5146\u5149\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4e0d\u662f\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u96e3\u514d\u6703\u6709\u5f37\u70c8\u53cd\u61c9\u3002\u4ed6\u5df2\u7d93\u76e1\u91cf\u5617\u8a66\u5fc3\u5e73\u6c23\u548c\u5730\u8b1b\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u767c\u89ba\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e0a\uff0c\u82e5\u6311\u6230\u4e2d\u570b\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u72af\u4e86\u5929\u689d\u6b7b\u7f6a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u8981\u8d77\u7fa9\u3001\u8faf\u99c1\u3002\u4ed6\u627e\u5c0b\u7a2e\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u53bb\u8b1b\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5728\u66f8\u88e1\u9762\u4e0d\u65b7\u91cd\u8907\u6b50\u6d32\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u4f46\u554f\u984c\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u6b50\u6d32\u6982\u5ff5\u55ce\uff1f\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u7528\u9019\u4e00\u500b\u6b50\u6d32\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u5462\uff1f\u96d6\u7136\u4ed6\u53cd\u5c0d\u628a\u554f\u984c\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53c8\u5f88\u96e3\u64fa\u812b\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u7576\u4ed6\u5f37\u8abf\u4e2d\u570b\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u5df2\u7d93\u5341\u5206\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u5f8c\u4f86\u8ac7\u5230\uff0c\u4ed6\u601d\u8003\u554f\u984c\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u7576\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c \u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u975e\u5e38\u5927\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6b63\u662f\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u6240\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u60c5\u90fd\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u8b8a\u6210\u5f37\u8abf\u570b\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u60c5\u90fd\u8981\u70ba\u6b64\u72a7\u7272\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u88e1\u6709\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u6b0a\u300d\uff08popular sovereignty\uff09\uff0c\u4e3b\u6b0a\u61c9\u8a72\u5c6c\u65bc\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u53cd\u800c\u88ab\u5229\u7528\u70ba\u7dad\u7e6b\u570b\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u53e3\u865f\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u7576\u4ed6\u9019\u6a23\u8b1b\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u7a76\u7adf\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u5728\u91dd\u5c0d\u7576\u4eca\u4e2d\u570b\uff1f\u4e00\u4e9b\u73fe\u4eca\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u628a\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u66f4\u52a0\u5408\u7406\u5316\uff0c\u845b\u5146\u5149\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5728\u66f8\u88e1\u8655\u7406\u4ee5\u4e0a\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5176\u5be6\u9019\u6a23\u5f88\u5371\u96aa\uff0c\u50cf\u5728\u5e6b\u7576\u6b0a\u8005\u88fd\u9020\u5f88\u591a\u5408\u7406\u7684\u7ba1\u6cbb\u7406\u7531\u3002\u6211\u89ba\u5f97\u4ed6\u5728\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u4e0d\u5920\u8b66\u89ba\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u8981\u6eff\u8db3\u4e2d\u570b\u81ea\u5b8b\u4ee3\u4ee5\u4f86\u4fbf\u5177\u5099\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u898f\u6a21\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6b77\u53f2\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ed6\u6c92\u8ac7\u53ca\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u767d\u5b89\u5353\u90a3\u672c\u66f8\u6b63\u6b63\u88dc\u5145\u4e86\u9019\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u767d\u5b89\u5353\u505a\u591a\u9ede\u4e2d\u570b\u53e4\u4ee3\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u6703\u66f4\u52a0\u5bb9\u6613\u770b\u5230\u845b\u5146\u5149\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u6b64\u9805\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4ecd\u7136\u89ba\u5f97\u4ed6\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6709\u4e9b\u4e0d\u76e1\u5b8c\u5584\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u66f8\u4e2d\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u65b0\u7586\u5efa\u7701\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u6211\u5011\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u65b0\u7586\u5efa\u7701\u6709\u5f88\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\uff0c \u4ed6\u53ea\u63d0\u5230\u90e8\u5206\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u537b\u6c92\u6709\u628a\u8cc7\u6599\u9023\u7d50\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u5e73\u5b9a\u65b0\u7586\u662f1759 \u5e74\uff0c\u4f46\u65b0\u7586\u5efa\u7701\u662f1884 \u5e74\uff0c\u8ddd\u96e2\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u5e74\uff0c \u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u9694\u4e86\u9019\u9ebc\u4e45\u5462\uff1f\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u525b\u624d\u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u6e05\u671d\u7d20\u4f86\u90fd\u662f\u300c\u5206\u800c\u6cbb\u4e4b\u300d\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u8208\u8da3\u5c07\u6240\u4fb5\u7565\u7684\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u8b8a\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u5927\u5bb6\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u7d71\u4e00\u7684\u5e1d\u570b\u300d\uff08unified empire\uff09\u3002\u6e05\u671d\u60f3\u300c\u5206\u800c\u6cbb\u4e4b\u300d\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u89ba\u5f97\u9019\u6a23\u6700\u6613\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u6700\u70ba\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u6240\u6709\u6f22\u4eba\u4e0d\u8981\u805a\u5c45\u65b0\u7586\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u6c11\u65cf\u6df7\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u91c0\u6210\u52d5\u76ea\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5230\u4e86\u5f8c\u671f\uff0c\u624d\u56e0\u7a2e\u7a2e\u539f\u56e0\u628a\u65b0\u7586\u958b\u653e\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u56de\u4e82\u300d\u3002\u5de6\u5b97\u68e0\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u6f22\u4eba\u5927\u5b98\uff0c\u63d0\u8b70\u7528\u4e2d\u570b\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u300c\u884c\u7701\u5236\u300d\uff0c\u628a\u65b0\u7586\u7d0d\u5165\u7701\uff0c\u65b9\u4fbf\u7ba1\u6cbb\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e73\u5b9a\u56de\u6c11\u7684\u9a37\u4e82\uff0c\u56de\u4e82\u4e00\u76f4\u9a37\u64fe\u4e86\u6e05\u4ee3\u5e7e\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u7d42\u65bc\u7528\u5efa\u7701\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e73\u5b9a\u52d5\u4e82\uff0c\u6e05\u671d\u4e5f\u5c31\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u5efa\u7701\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u7684\u5a01\u8105\uff0c\u5efa\u7701\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u65b0\u7586\u8981\u8b93\u66f4\u591a\u6f22\u4eba\u8d70\u9032\u53bb\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u5c4f\u969c\u4f86\u5c0d\u6297\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u7684\u4fb5\u5165\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u65b0\u7586\u5efa\u7701\u6b63\u6b63\u4ee3\u8868\u5e1d\u570b\u958b\u59cb\u89e3\u9ad4\u7684\u5371\u6a5f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u7d71\u4e00\u5927\u5e1d\u570b\u7684\u69ae\u8b7d\u3002\u9019\u500b\u6975\u5176\u95dc\u9375\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u845b\u5146\u5149\u5b8c\u5168\u6c92\u8ac7\u53ca\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e00\u5b9a\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6545\u610f\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u9019\u4ef6\u4e8b\u3002\u7136\u5f8c\u6e05\u671d\u958b\u653e\u8499\u53e4\u8b93\u6f22\u4eba\u9032\u53bb\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u7684\u61a4\u6012\uff0c\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u554f\uff1a\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u6e05\u5ef7\u8981\u8b93\u6f22\u4eba\u4f86\u6436\u6211\u5011\u7684\u571f\u5730\uff1f\u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u63aa\u65bd\u90fd\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u8981\u5c0d\u6297\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u548c\u65e5\u672c\uff0c \u90a3\u6642\u5979\u5011\u958b\u59cb\u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u908a\u7586\u6709\u6240\u5716\u8b00\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6e05\u671d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u8b93\u6f22\u4eba\u9032\u53bb\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u7de9\u885d\u5340\uff08buffer zone\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u5c0d\u6297\u5916\u570b\u52e2\u529b\uff0c\u6e05\u4ee3\u89e3\u9ad4\u7684\u5951\u6a5f\u4fbf\u7531\u6b64\u958b\u59cb\u3002\u6211\u5c31\u5148\u8aaa\u5230\u9019\u88e1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u5ea7\u8ac7\u6703\u73fe\u5834\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u5ea7\u8ac7\u6703\u73fe\u5834<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5ea7\u8ac7\u6703\u65bc2014 \u5e7410 \u670810 \u65e5\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u4e2d\u6587\u5927\u5b78\u5eb7\u672c\u570b\u969b\u5b78\u8853\u57128 \u865f\u6f14\u8b1b\u5ef3\u8209\u8fa6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672c\u6b21\u5ea7\u8ac7\u6703\u53c3\u8003\u6587\u7ae0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrea Bachner, \u201cIntroduction\u201d, Beyond Sinology: Chinese Writing and the Scripts of Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014), pp. 1\u201317.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u845b\u5146\u5149\uff0c\u3008\u5c0e\u8a00\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u4f55\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\uff1f\uff1a\u7586\u57df\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u6587\u5316\u8207\u6b77\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u9999\u6e2f\uff1a\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2014\uff09\uff0c\u98011\u201332\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6ce8\u91cb<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u845b\u5146\u5149\uff0c\u300a\u5b85\u8332\u4e2d\u570b\uff1a\u91cd\u5efa\u6709\u95dc\u300c\u4e2d\u570b\u300d\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u8ad6\u8ff0\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u806f\u7d93\u51fa\u7248\uff0c2011\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Prasenjit Duara, Rescuing History from the Nation: Questioning Narratives of Modern China (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u539f\u6587\u70ba\u201cHistory has often worked to secure the mystique of the nation, or in other words, its dubious claim to an evolving, monistic subjecthood.\u201d    \u4e2d\u8b6f\u53c3\u8003\u675c\u8d0a\u5947\uff0c\u738b\u61b2\u660e\u3001\u9ad8\u7e7c\u7f8e\u3001\u674e\u6d77\u71d5\u3001\u674e\u9ede\u8b6f\uff0c\u300a\u5f9e\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u62ef\u6551\u6b77\u53f2\uff1a\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8a71\u8a9e\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u73fe\u4ee3\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u6587\u737b\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2003\uff09\uff0c\u980115\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u675c\u8d0a\u5947\uff0c\u300a\u5f9e\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u62ef\u6551\u6b77\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u980116\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. \u845b\u5146\u5149\uff0c\u300a\u4f55\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\uff1f\uff1a\u7586\u57df\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u6587\u5316\u8207\u6b77\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u9999\u6e2f\uff1a\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2014\uff09\uff0c\u980130\u201331\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. \u539f \u6587 \u70ba \u201cIt is not language that defines a nation as a community of native speakers . . . the need for unification under the spell of the idea of nationalism predetermines what can count as a language, and what will be relegated to a dialect. Not the real languages of a nation\u2019s citizens but the imposed ideal of one national language crafts the illusion of national community.\u201d Andrea Bachner, Beyond Sinology: Chinese Writing and the Scripts of Culture (Columbia University Press, 2014), p. 5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. \u63072014 \u5e749 \u6708\u4e0b\u65ec\u9999\u6e2f\u767c\u751f\u7684\u300c\u96e8\u5098\u904b\u52d5\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. \u539f\u6587\u70ba\u201cthe confluence of the digital media revolution, and the reshaping of the global power structures impacts our understanding of the Chinese script in particular and of writing in general.\u201d Bachner, Beyond Sinology, p. 14.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. \u845b\u5146\u5149\uff0c\u300a\u4f55\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u300b\uff0c\u980132\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. Bachner, Beyond Sinology, p. 33.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. Bachner, Beyond Sinology, p. 32.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. Jing Tsu, Sound and Script in Chinese Diaspora (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2011).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. Creole \u610f\u6307\u591a\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\u6df7\u5408\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u8a9e\uff0c\u4e5f\u8b6f\u4f5c\u514b\u91cc\u5967\u723e\u8a9e\u3002\u65bc\u300a\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\uff0c\u8b6f\u4f5c\u300c\u6b50\u88d4\u6d77\u5916\u79fb\u6c11\u300d\uff0c\u5c08\u6307\u9019\u7fa4\u6d77\u5916\u79fb\u6c11\u5efa\u7acb\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u3002\u898b\u73ed\u7d0d\u8fea\u514b\uff0e\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u8457\uff0c\u5433\u53e1\u4eba\u8b6f\uff0c\u300a\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\uff1a\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u8207\u6563\u5e03\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u6642\u5831\uff0c1999\uff09\uff0c\u980193\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. Shu-mei Shih, Visuality and Identity: Sinophone Articulations across the Pacific (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007)\uff1b\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\uff1a\u53f2\u66f8\u7f8e\uff0c\u300a\u8996\u89ba\u8207\u8a8d\u540c\uff1a\u8de8\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u83ef\u8a9e\u8a9e\u7cfb\u8868\u8ff0\u30fb\u5448\u73fe\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u806f\u7d93\uff0c 2013\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. \u898b\u8a3b\u91cb 2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16. Jing Tsu and David Der-wei Wang eds., Global Chinese Literature: Critical Essays (Leiden: Brill, 2010).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17. Morris Rossabi ed., China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th\u201314th Centuries (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u5ea7\u8ac7\u6703\u6587\u672c\u6458\u9078\u81ea\u300a\u5e73\u884c\u6587\u672c\u2014\u2014\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4ea4\u92d2\u300b\uff0c\u53e9\u554f\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c1.<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u5ea7\u8ac7\u6703\u6587\u672c\u6458\u9078\u81ea\u300a\u5e73\u884c\u6587\u672c\u2014\u2014\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4ea4\u92d2\u300b\uff0c\u53e9\u554f\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c1. Beyond Sinology \u8207\u300a\u4f55\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u300b
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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